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(詳細はaphasia in which an individual is unable to understand language in its written or spoken form. Even though they can speak using grammar, syntax, rate, and intonation, they typically have difficulty expressing themselves meaningfully through speech. Receptive aphasia was named after Carl Wernicke who recognized this condition.〔Wernicke's APHASIA. Caspari, Isabelle LaPointe, Leonard L. , (2005).Aphasia and related neurogenic language disorders (3rd ed.). , (pp. 142-154). New York, NY, US: Thieme New York, xix, 274 pp〕 People with receptive aphasia are typically unaware of how they are speaking and do not realize their speech may lack meaning. 〔ASHA: American Speech and Language Association http://www.asha.org/Practice-Portal/Clinical-Topics/Aphasia/Common-Classifications-of-Aphasia/〕 This is due to the fact that they have poor comprehension skills and do not understand their own speech. They typically remain unaware of even their most profound language deficits. When experienced with Broca's aphasia the patient displays global aphasia. It should be noted that like many mental disorders, receptive aphasia can be experienced in many different ways and to many different degrees. The typical case shows severely disturbed language comprehension however many individuals are still able to maintain conversations. Many may only experience difficulties with things such as accents and fast speech with the occasional speech error and can often carry out simple commands. Not all individuals show a complete loss of language comprehension. A common symptom of receptive aphasia is misinterpreting the meaning of words, gestures, pictures. For example, a patient with receptive aphasia may take the expression "it's raining cats and dogs" literally instead of figuratively.〔 What is described here is what is referred to as a "textbook" example with the typical, fully expressed symptoms.〔 Receptive aphasia is not to be confused with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or expressive aphasia. ==Presentation== Receptive aphasia results from damage to Wernicke's area located posterior to the lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere of the brain. This area is adjacent to the auditory cortex. The damage is most often the result of a stroke however damage to Wernicke's area is also possible through blunt force trauma from accidents. The onset of the disorder is typically very sudden. However, it is possible for the symptoms to begin gradually, with nonsensical utterances and word-finding issues appearing in the individual's speech.〔 With receptive aphasia an individual primarily loses their ability to comprehend language. This typically takes the form of both an inability to understand speech as well as written text. They also lose the ability to understand their own spoken language. This inability to understand language is usually accompanied with symptoms of Anosognosia: the individual is unaware of the disorder. When attempting to communicate with others they often rely on situational cues in order to maintain the conversation. Individuals typically retain almost all of their cognitive abilities outside of those related to understanding language. Receptive aphasia, unlike expressive aphasia often occurs without any motor deficits. Individuals with receptive aphasia often display symptoms of Anomia (word-finding issues) and Paraphasia, perhaps because of their difficulty understanding their own speech, . A person with receptive aphasia speaks with normal prosody and intonation but uses random words, invents words, leaves out key words, substitutes words or verb tenses, pronouns, or prepositions, and utters sentences that do not make sense. Their expressive language is often devoid of any meaning. Other symptoms can include a loss of verbal pragmatic skills and conversational turn-taking.〔 A person with receptive aphasia is usually unaware of how much they are speaking, so they may continue to talk even when they should pause to allow others to speak; this is often referred to as "press of speech."〔 However, it should be noted that despite their difficulties in forming sentences that make sense, they do speak fluently. Sentences are typically grammatically correct. This fluent, although nonsensical speech, is often referred to as "word salad". The juxtaposition between fluent speech and the lack of meaning is characteristic of receptive aphasia. Patients also display logorrhoea, a nonstop output of words during spontaneous speech. The rate of speech errors produced is variable, with some patients showing only 10% of productions being errors and others showing up to 80% of speech production being incorrect.〔 Below is an example of an interaction between an individual with severe receptive aphasia and a clinician: * Q. "What is your speech problem?" * A. "Because no one gotta scotta gowan thwa, thirst, gell, gerst, derund, gystrol, that's all." * Q. "What does "swell-headed" mean?" * A. "She is selfice on purpiten."〔 Below is an example of spontaneous speech from the same individual showing logorrhea symptoms: * "Then he graf, so I'll graf, I'm giving ink, no gerfergen, in pane, I can't grasp, I haven't grob the grabben, I'm going to the glimmeril, let me go." * "What my fytisset for, whattim tim saying got dok arne gimmin my suit, suit ti Friday . . . I ayre here what takes zwei the cuppen seffer effer sepped . . . I spoke on she asked for clubbin hond here, you what, what kind of a siz sizzen . . . and she speaks all the friend and all is in my herring."〔 As a result, these individuals often display logorrhea, a nonstop output of speech. Words that are affective and more associated with emotions are retained. The ability to utter profanity is therefore unaffected due to the typical association of profanity with emotional outbursts and emphasis, rather than with the meaning of the word itself. If Wernicke’s area is damaged in the non-dominant hemisphere, the syndrome resulting will be sensory dysprosody(needed'' ) — the inability to perceive the pitch, rhythm, and emotional tone of speech.(needed'' ) Patients who communicated using sign language before the onset of the aphasia experience analogous symptoms.〔http://pages.slc.edu/~ebj/IM_97/Lecture10/L10.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Receptive aphasia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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